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Élites, radicalismo y democracia: un estudio comparado sobre América Latina
Descripción
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el papel de las élites políticas en las variedades de democracia, con evidencias de 18 democracias latinoamericanas en el período 1995,2015. La literatura se ha centrado tradicionalmente en quiebras, transiciones y consolidación. Esta investigación va un paso más allá y se centra en las variedades de democracia (electoral, liberal, participativa, deliberativa e igualitaria), así como en la democracia plena en el sentido de un régimen que tiene altos niveles de cada variedad. El propósito es incluir a las élites políticas en la ecuación democrática en términos de su apoyo a la democracia, medido por el apoyo a las elecciones y los partidos políticos, y su radicalismo, medido por posiciones ideológicas extremas en la escala izquierda,derecha. Para ello se utilizan de manera conjunta las encuestas a élites de la Base de Datos de Élites Latinoamericanas (PELA,USAL) y Varieties of Democracy (V,Dem), adoptándose una estrategia de métodos mixtos, desde un enfoque cuantitativo (HJ,Biplot) a uno comparativo (fsQCA) para cerrar con un process tracing comparado entre dos casos representativos de los principales hallazgos del estudio, Uruguay y El Salvador. Los resultados muestran que el radicalismo de las élites está asociado positivamente con algunas variedades de democracia, como la igualitaria.Tambiénmuestran que el radicalismo democrático, es decir, las élites radicales (en las posiciones extremas de la escala izquierda,derecha) que apoyan la democracia (elecciones y partidos políticos), es positivo y no negativo para un régimen democrático que sea fuerte en las cinco variedades.
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