On the occasion of the 45th Anniversary of 23F, what did the CIS ask in 1981?
Madrid, 25 February 2026

To mark the 45th anniversary of the events of February 23, 1981, the CIS recalls the results of a survey conducted among Spanish citizens regarding that episode in recent history.

In study no. 1,273 of February 1981 entitled " Investiture of Mr. Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo and II Congress of UCD ", the Center for Sociological Research (CIS) included in its questionnaire some questions related to the event.

The survey, among other things, asked about the time at which the citizens interviewed had learned of the event and through which media. It also inquired about their state of mind, their initial reaction to the event, and whether they initially thought it would fail or have any chance of success.

Through three infographics, the answers to various questions about the knowledge, perception, and social memory of that event are presented visually, with the aim of providing a data-driven perspective and facilitating its understanding. The full study conducted at the time can be accessed at the following link: Study 1.273.